System, method, and computer program product for increasing spare space in memory to extend a lifetime of the memory

ABSTRACT

A system, method, and computer program product are provided for extending a lifetime of memory. In operation, spare space in memory is increased. Additionally, a lifetime of the memory is extended, as a result of increasing the spare space in the memory.

FILED OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to memory, and more particularly to memoryhaving a finite lifetime.

BACKGROUND

In prior art memory systems involving non-volatile memory (e.g. flashmemory, etc.), such memory must be erased before it is written.Specifically, when a portion of stored data has been changed, an entirecorresponding block of memory is read, such block is then erased, thedata is edited to reflect the change, after which the entire block ofmemory must be written with the new data. Thus, when a 4 KB page ofmemory is written, for example, 512 KB of memory is written.

Some prior art techniques have been developed for sequentially groupingdata writes in an effort to reduce the need the amount of data that mustbe written. However, such techniques suffer drawbacks in systems thathave prevalent random writes (e.g. in database systems, etc.).

Still yet, some prior art techniques have addressed these drawbacks bywriting random data sequentially, and then use a table or similar datastructure to track where the data resides. While such technique improveson previous methods, it does allow for old data (e.g. data which waschanged and then stored in a new location) to remain stored in memory.When dealing with such old data (i.e. “garbage,” etc.), a processtypically finds blocks of memory containing such old data, and copiesany useful data from such block to other pages of memory, until a fullblock of such old data is collected and then erased. As a consequence,in the prior art, more data is written because of the collection of theold data (e.g. garbage collection) than the amount of data written by ahost computer. For example, valid data may be copied from garbagecollected blocks to create at least one empty block for an erasureoperation.

There is thus a need for addressing these and/or other issues associatedwith the prior art.

SUMMARY

A system, method, and computer program product are provided forextending a lifetime of memory. In operation, spare space in memory isincreased. Additionally, a lifetime of the memory is extended, as aresult of increasing the spare space in the memory.

DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1A shows a method for extending a lifetime of memory, in accordancewith one embodiment.

FIG. 1B shows a memory module with an extended lifetime, in accordancewith one embodiment.

FIG. 1C shows a method for delaying operations that reduce a lifetime ofmemory, in accordance with one embodiment.

FIG. 2 shows a technique for delaying operations that reduce a lifetimeof memory, in accordance with another embodiment.

FIG. 3 shows a time interval-based technique for delaying operationsthat reduce a lifetime of memory, in accordance with yet anotherembodiment.

FIG. 4 shows an integration-based technique for delaying operations thatreduce a lifetime of memory, in accordance with still yet anotherembodiment.

FIG. 5 illustrates a system for delaying operations that reduce alifetime of memory, if a desired lifetime duration exceeds an estimatedlifetime duration, in accordance with another embodiment.

FIG. 6 illustrates a method for delaying operations that reduce alifetime of memory, if a desired lifetime duration exceeds an estimatedlifetime duration, in accordance with another embodiment.

FIG. 7 shows a graphical user interface for gauging a lifetime ofmemory, in accordance with another embodiment.

FIG. 8 shows a method for reducing write operations in memory, utilizingdifference information, in accordance with another embodiment.

FIG. 9 illustrates a system for reducing write operations in memory, inaccordance with another embodiment.

FIG. 10 illustrates a method for reading memory using differenceinformation, in accordance with one embodiment.

FIG. 11 illustrates a method for writing memory using differenceinformation, in accordance with one embodiment.

FIG. 12 illustrates an embodiment using a processor-based system.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

FIG. 1A shows a method 110 for extending a lifetime of memory, inaccordance with one embodiment. As shown, spare space in memory isincreased. See operation 112. Additionally, a lifetime of the memory isextended, as a result of increasing the spare space in the memory. Seeoperation 114.

In the context of the present description, the lifetime of the memorymay include any duration during which the memory exhibits any desireddegree of usability. For example, in various embodiments, such lifetimemay include, but is certainly not limited to a desired lifetime, anactual lifetime, an estimated lifetime, etc. Further, the degree ofusability may refer to any usability-related parameter such as apercentage of components (e.g. blocks, cells, etc.) that are stilloperational, a reliability of the memory or components thereof, and/orany other parameter for that matter.

Additionally, in the context of the present description, spare space inmemory refers to any space in memory (e.g. blocks, cells, etc,) which isavailable for use. Furthermore, in various embodiments, the memory mayinclude, but is not limited to, mechanical storage devices (e.g. diskdrives, etc.), solid state storage devices (e.g. dynamic random accessmemory (DRAM), flash memory, etc.), and/or any other storage device. Inthe case that the memory includes flash memory, the flash memory mayinclude, but is not limited to, single-level cell (SLC) devices,multi-level cell (MLC) devices, NOR flash memory, NAND flash memory, MLCNAND flash memory, SLC NAND flash memory, etc. In one embodiment, thenonvolatile memory device may include at least one of a single-bit percell NOR flash memory, a multi-bit per cell NOR flash memory, asingle-bit per cell NAND flash memory, a multi-bit per cell NAND flashmemory, a phase change memory, a resistive memory, a carbon nano-tubememory, and a electro-migration memory.

More illustrative information will now be set forth regarding variousoptional architectures and features with which the foregoing frameworkmay or may not be implemented, per the desires of the user. Forinstance, the foregoing techniques may be used with a scheme toguarantee or prolong a memory lifetime. It should be strongly noted thatthe following information is set forth for illustrative purposes andshould not be construed as limiting in any manner. Any of the followingfeatures may be optionally incorporated with or without the exclusion ofother features described.

FIG. 1B shows a memory module 150 with an extended lifetime, inaccordance with one embodiment. As an option, the memory module 150 maybe implemented to carry out the method 150 of FIG. 1A. Of course,however, the memory module 150 may be implemented in any desiredenvironment. It should also be noted that the aforementioned definitionsmay apply during the present description.

As shown, a number of spare blocks 160 of the memory module 150 areincreased. As a result of increasing the number of spare blocks 160 ofthe memory module 150, a lifetime of the memory module 150 is extended.In one embodiment, the number of spare blocks 160 of memory may beincreased by compressing data stored in the memory module 150. Suchcompression may include a loss-less compression (e.g. Burrows-Wheeler,Lempel-Ziv (LZ), LZ77, LZ78, etc.), or in some embodiments, a lossycompression (e.g. lossy predictive codecs, lossy transform codecs,etc.).

In the case that the spare blocks 160 are increased using compression,the compression ratio may vary. In another embodiment, the number ofspare blocks 160 of memory may be increased by removing duplicate datastored in the memory module 150.

As an option, the number of spare blocks 160 of memory may be increasedby compressing data stored in the memory module 150 and removingduplicate data stored in the memory module 150. In this case, duplicatedata may be removed followed by a compression of the remaining data. Ofcourse, one may equally compress the data and subsequently removeduplicate data.

In another embodiment, spare space may be increased by detecting deleteddata and increasing spare data with space occupied with deleted data. Asan option, deleted data may be communicated from a host or RAIDcontroller, or discovered by a disk controller from data contained ondisk. In yet another embodiment, any combination of compression,de-duplication and reclaiming deleted files may be used to increase theamount of spare space.

As a specific example, compression and/or de-duplicating and/or removalof deleted data may be utilized to allow for a certain amount of thememory in the memory module 150 to be spare. In this case, the cost ofstorage may decrease proportionally space otherwise used by spare. Forexample, data 156 may be written to a flash page 158 included in aplurality of memory blocks 152.

The data 156 may then be compressed such that a number of spare blocks160 are increased. In one embodiment, extending the lifetime of thememory utilizing spare blocks 160 may be implemented in conjunction withguaranteeing a lifetime of the memory.

As an option, an end of life of blocks of the memory module 150 may beequalized. For example, the spare blocks 160 may be selected such thatthe end of life of the blocks of the memory module 150 may be equalized.In this case, different blocks in the memory module 150 may be utilizedto store data in order to equalize the end of life of the blocks of thememory module 150. More information regarding lifetime equalization maybe found in patent application Ser. No. ______ titled “SYSTEM, METHOD,AND COMPUTER PROGRAM PRODUCT FOR INCREASING A LIFETIME OF A PLURALITY OFBLOCKS OF MEMORY” filed ______, which is herein incorporated byreference in its entirety.

In accordance with different embodiments to be described, variousoperations that reduce a lifetime of memory may be controlled for thepurpose of prolonging such lifetime. In the context of the presentdescription, such operations may refer to a write operation, an eraseoperation, a program operation, and/or any other operation that iscapable of reducing the aforementioned lifetime. Furthermore, it shouldbe noted that, while the present embodiment described spare space inmemory in terms of blocks of memory, such embodiment may be equally beviewed in the context of any spare space in memory (e.g. memory cells,etc.).

FIG. 1C shows a method 100 for delaying operations that reduce alifetime of memory, in accordance with one embodiment. As an option, themethod 100 may be implemented to in the context of the details of FIGS.1A-1B. Of course, however, the method 100 may be implemented in anydesired environment. It should also be noted that the aforementioneddefinitions may apply during the present description.

As shown, at least one aspect associated with a lifetime of memory isidentified. See operation 102. In the context of the presentdescription, the aspect associated with the lifetime that is identifiedin operation 102 may, in various embodiments, include a period of time,a rate of the operations that reduce the lifetime of the memory, a totalpermitted number of the operations that reduce the lifetime of thememory, a duration of the lifetime, etc. Moreover, given theaforementioned total permitted number of operations and a selected ordesired lifetime, a maximum average rate of operations in units ofnumber of operations per time period can be directly calculated, in oneillustrative embodiment. Of course, such exemplary aspects are set forthfor illustrative purposes only as absolutely any other aspect of thelifetime may be identified, for reasons that will soon become apparent.

To this end, at least one operation that reduces the lifetime of thememory is delayed, based on the aspect. See operation 104. Such delaymay thus be performed in any manner that is at least a partial functionof the aspect of the memory lifetime identified in operation 102. In thecontext of the present description, the aforementioned delay of theoperation is deemed to be inclusive of situations where only a portionof the operation is delayed. For example, in situations where anoperation may include multiple components, such delay may be applied toone or more (or all) parts of such operation.

In one embodiment, the operation may be delayed by delaying a commandthat initiates the operation. For example, in response to theidentification of a write or erase command, execution of such commandmay be delayed. Of course, in other embodiments, the operation itselfmay simply be delayed. By this design, such delay of one or moreoperations that would otherwise reduce the lifetime of the memoryresults in a decrease in such reduction, at least in part.

Additional illustrative information will now be set forth regardingvarious optional architectures and features with which the foregoingframework may or may not be implemented, per the desires of the user.For example, the delay may be administered in a variety of differentways using a myriad of different techniques, examples of which will nowbe set forth.

FIG. 2 shows a technique 200 for delaying operations that reduce alifetime of memory, in accordance with another embodiment. As an option,the present technique 200 may be implemented to in the context of thedetails of FIGS. 1A-1C. Of course, however, the technique 200 may beimplemented in any desired environment. It should also be noted that theaforementioned definitions may apply during the present description.

As shown, the technique 200 takes into account a total number ofoperations 202 that result in the memory exhibiting a minimal degree ofusability, as well as a minimum desired lifetime 204 of the memory. Fromsuch data points, a maximum average operation rate 206 may be calculatedthat achieves the minimum desired lifetime 204.

In use, a number of lifetime-reducing operations may be monitored astime progresses. If at any time, a number of such operations over timeexceed the maximum average operation rate 206, in the manner shown, anyexcess operations (that contribute to exceeding the rate) may be delayedby a calculated amount, by a predetermined amount of time, or adaptivelybased on prior or predicted rates of lifetime-reducing operations. Suchpredetermined amount of time may, in one embodiment, be a time thatresults in the maximum average operation rate 206 not being exceeded.

In various embodiments, the determination as to which operations are tobe subjected to the delay (as well as the length of the delay itself)may be based on a variety of factors. For example, in one embodiment,the delaying may be based on an application that initiates theoperation. In such embodiment, operations initiated by applications witha lower priority may be subject to the delay, while operations initiatedby applications with a higher priority may not necessarily be subject tothe delay (when possible).

Of course, other embodiments are contemplated where the delay isadministered across operations in an application-independent manner. Forexample, the delay may be applied to all operations of a certain type(e.g. an erase operation, etc.) irrespective of the originatingapplication. Still yet, embodiments involving a hybrid approach are alsocontemplated.

Even still, embodiments are contemplated where the delayed operation mayinclude an operation or a pattern of operations causing an unusualreduction in lifetime. In one embodiment, only these patterns may bedelayed. For example, virus or rough application operation patterns maybe detected, and only operations from such patterns may be delayed.

FIG. 3 shows a time interval-based technique 300 for delaying operationsthat reduce a lifetime of memory, in accordance with yet anotherembodiment. As an option, the present technique 300 may be implementedto carry out the method 100 of FIG. 1C and/or further in the context ofthe technique 200 of FIG. 2. Of course, however, the technique 300 maybe implemented in any desired environment. Again, it should also benoted that the aforementioned definitions may apply during the presentdescription.

Similar to the technique of FIG. 2, the technique 300 takes into accounta total number of operations 302 that result in the memory exhibiting aminimal degree of usability, as well as a minimum desired lifetime 304of the memory. From such data points, a maximum average operation rate306 may be calculated that achieves the minimum desired lifetime 304. Inuse, a number of lifetime-reducing operations may be monitored as timeprogresses.

If at any time, a number of such operations over time exceeds themaximum average operation rate 306, in the manner shown, any excessoperations are not necessarily delayed in an unconditional manner (likethe technique 200 of FIG. 2). Instead, such excess operations may beconditionally delayed based on a time interval during which theoperation is initiated. Such time interval, for example, may include,but is not limited to a time of the day, a day of the week, a month ofthe year, etc. In additional embodiments, the time interval may beadaptively and dynamically adjusted to an optimal period. For example,such adaptive and dynamic adjustment may be based on histograms offrequencies of lifetime-reducing operations over subintervals of aninterval, etc.

For example, if an excess number of operations is identified on aMonday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, etc. in the manner shown, it maybe recognized (e.g. anticipated) that the number of operations likely tobe identified during the subsequent Friday, Saturday, and Sunday will beless. Thus, instead of unconditionally delaying such excess numberoperations, they may be performed immediately, relying upon thelikelihood that the average operation rate (when taken over the week)will not exceed the maximum average operation rate 306. Of course, ifthis does not turn out to be the case, some delaying may occur during asubsequent week, etc. While the foregoing example has been set forth inthe context of days during a week, other more “macro” embodiments arecontemplated that take into account fluctuations of memory use overweeks of the month, months of the year, etc.

In still additional embodiments, the conditional delaying of theoperations may be generalized so as not to be necessarilyinterval-based, but instead be based on historical use of the memory,and/or even predicted use of the memory. In such embodiments, anydesired statistical analysis may be performed using historical data forthe purpose of predicting future use, more accurately identifyingsituations where delaying excess operations need not necessarily occur,etc.

FIG. 4 shows an integration-based technique 400 for delaying operationsthat reduce a lifetime of memory, in accordance with still yet anotherembodiment. As an option, the present technique 400 may be implementedto carry out the method 100 of FIG. 1C and/or further in the context ofthe techniques 200 and 300 of FIGS. 2-3. Of course, however, thetechnique 400 may be implemented in any desired environment. Again, itshould also be noted that the aforementioned definitions may applyduring the present description.

Similar to the previous techniques, the technique 400 takes into accounta total number of operations 402 that result in the memory exhibiting aminimal degree of usability, as well as a minimum desired lifetime 404of the memory. From such data points, a maximum average operation rate406 may be calculated that achieves the minimum desired lifetime 404. Inuse, a number of lifetime-reducing operations may be monitored as timeprogresses.

If at any time, a number of such operations over time exceeds themaximum average operation rate 406, in the manner shown (see 408), anyexcess operations are not necessarily delayed in an unconditional manner(like the technique 200 of FIG. 2). Instead, such excess operations maybe conditionally delayed based on an integral function reflecting use ofthe memory. In particular, an integral of a difference between theoverall rate of lifetime-reducing operations over time, and the maximumaverage operation rate 406 may be calculated on an on-going basis. Tothis end, if such integration indicates that such operations may exceedmaximum average operation rate 406, the aforementioned delaying need notnecessarily occur.

FIG. 5 illustrates a system 500 for delaying operations that reduce alifetime of memory, if a desired lifetime duration exceeds an estimatedlifetime duration, in accordance with another embodiment. As an option,the present system 500 may be implemented to carry out the method 100 ofFIG. 1C and/or further optionally incorporate any of the techniques ofFIGS. 2-4. Of course, however, the system 500 may be used in any desiredmanner.

As shown, included is a storage system 503 that comprises a plurality ofstorage devices 530, 540. At least one storage bus 502 couples at leastone controller 511 with at least one computer 501. In variousembodiments, the storage bus 502 may include, but is not limited to aserial advanced technology attachment (SATA) bus, serial attached SCSI(SAS) bus, fiber channel bus, memory bus interface, flash memory bus,NAND flash bus, integrated drive electronics (IDE) bus, advancedtechnology attachment (ATA) bus, consumer electronics (CE) bus,universal serial bus (USB) bus, smart card bus, multimedia card (MMC)bus, etc. Thus, the controller 511 is capable of being coupled between asystem (e.g. computer 501) and secondary storage (such as at least oneof the storage devices 530, 540). Further included is at least oneapparatus 510 for prolonging a lifetime of memory associated with thestorage devices 530, 540.

As shown, the apparatus 510 includes a controller 511 coupled to thestorage devices 530, 540 via a plurality of corresponding buses 521,522, respectively. The controller 511 uses a plurality of buses 521, 522to control and exchange data with a plurality of storage devices 530,540 in order to execute commands received from the computer 501 via thestorage bus 502. The storage devices 530, 540 each include at least onemodule or block 531, 532, 533, 541, 542, 543 for storing data. Further,at least a portion of the aforementioned commands are lifetime-reducingcommands that have a negative impact on at least one module or block531, 532, 533, 541, 542, 543. In use, the apparatus 510 serves forprolonging the lifetime of the storage devices 530, 540, despite suchlifetime-reducing commands.

To accomplish this, the controller 511 is coupled to a lifetimeestimator module 514 via a corresponding bus 512. The apparatus 510further includes a time module 517 coupled to the lifetime estimatormodule 514 via a bus 518, for providing a current time. In use, thelifetime estimator module 514 serves to receive commands communicated tothe controller 511 from the computer 501 via the storage bus 502.Further, the lifetime estimator module 514 computes an estimatedlifetime assuming that the command(s) received through the bus 512 wasexecuted.

With continuing reference to FIG. 5, the lifetime estimation module 514is coupled to a throttling module 516 via a bus 515. The lifetimeestimation module 514 uses the bus 515 to pass to the throttling module516 the estimated lifetime for a command currently executed by thecontroller 511. The currently executed command may, in one embodiment,be the same as that received by the lifetime estimator module 514 viathe bus 512 and may further be the same as that received by thecontroller 511 from the computer 501 via the storage bus 502.

The current time module 517 is also coupled to the throttling module 516via the bus 518. Thus, the current time from the current time module 517may be passed to the throttling module 516 as well. In one embodiment,the current time module 517 may be implemented, for example, as a simplecounter incrementing at a constant time interval, etc.

The throttling module 516 is further coupled with a required lifetimemodule 520 via a bus 519, as well as to the controller 511 via a bus513. In use, the required lifetime module 520 is adapted for storing adesired lifetime. By this design, the throttling module 516 may beconfigured to pass information to the controller 511 via the bus 513 toinstruct the controller 511 to delay the execution of the currentcommand.

In one embodiment, the throttling module 516 of the apparatus 510 mayoperate such that the execution of the current command is delayed untilthe effects of the execution on the lifetime is such that the estimatedlifetime is longer or the same as the required lifetime stored in therequired lifetime module 520. The functionality of the throttling module516 may, in one embodiment, be as simple as providing a delay signal tothe controller 511, if the estimated lifetime received via the bus 515is shorter than the required lifetime received via the bus 519.

In another embodiment, the above-described functions of the controller511, the lifetime estimator module 514, and the throttling module 516may be applied to a group of commands received in predefined timeintervals. Such arrangement may allow the system 500 to meet therequired lifetime without unnecessarily throttling short bursts ofcommands that would otherwise reduce lifetime. By choosing the timeinterval, for example, as being one day, such a technique allows thesystem 500 to provide higher instantaneous performance forlifetime-reducing commands because, during some period of the day (e.g.nighttime, etc.), there may be intervals of time where there is areduced frequency of lifetime-reducing commands compared to an averagefrequency of lifetime-reducing commands.

In one optional embodiment, coherency may be maintained over time. As anexample of a coherency method, if lifetime-reducing command A isdelayed, then all commands (lifetime-reducing or not) that depend on thedata of A or the values resulting from the execution of the command Aare also delayed.

In another embodiment, time may be replaced with various approximationsof time, such as time that a disk is being powered up. In anotherembodiment, the computer 501, a RAID controller, and/or other device mayprovide additional information to increase precision of time tracked.Thus, when one or more of the storage devices 530, 540 is turned off,the time counter is not counting. Since real time is advancing, this mayunnecessarily reduce performance. In such scenario, the computer 501,software, and/or a controller may provide information about the timewhen the system 500 is turned off, for addressing such issue.

In another embodiment, the system 500 may be equipped with anintra-storage device redundancy capability for reducing cost andimproving performance. In such embodiment, data may be moved between theindividual storage devices 530, 540, based on any aspect associated witha lifetime thereof (e.g. see, for example, operation 102 of FIG. 1C,etc.). For instance, a situation may involve a first one of the storagedevices 530 including a set of data that is more frequently overwrittenwith respect to the data of a second one of the storage devices 540. Insuch case, after a predetermined amount of time, or during garbagecollection, or end of life equalization, or other event determined by asystem, such data may be moved from the first storage device 530 to thesecond storage device 540, and henceforth the first storage device 530or one or more blocks/modules 531, 532, 533 thereof may be used to storeless-frequently written data or retired from further use.

To this end, storage device remaining lifetime may be distributedappropriately to avoid one storage device from failing at a point intime that is vastly premature with respect to other storage devices ofthe group. Of course, the present technique may be applied not onlyamong different storage devices, but also portions thereof. To this end,the lifetime of any memory components may be managed in such a manner.

In any case, the controller 511 may thus be equipped for reducing and/ordistributing writes. By this feature, a lifetime of the appropriatestorage devices 530, 540 may be prolonged. One exemplary method forcarrying out such technique will now be set forth during the descriptionof FIG. 6.

FIG. 6 illustrates a method 600 for delaying operations that reduce alifetime of memory, if a desired lifetime duration exceeds an estimatedlifetime duration, in accordance with another embodiment. As an option,the present method 600 may be carried out using the system 500 of FIG. 5and/or further optionally incorporate any of the techniques of FIGS.1-4. Of course, however, the method 600 may be used in any desiredmanner. Still yet, the aforementioned definitions may apply during thepresent description.

Upon starting operation 601, the method 600 continues by a controller(e.g. controller 511 of FIG. 5, etc.) awaits a command 602 issued by acomputer (e.g. computer 501, etc.) to at least one storage device (e.g.storage device 530, 540, etc.). Once the command is received by thecontroller, the method proceeds to decision 603, when the controllerdetermines if the command accepted in operation 602 is alifetime-reducing command (e.g. an erase operation, a write operation,etc.). If it is determined in decision 603 that the currently receivedcommand is not lifetime-reducing, such command may be simply processedper operation 607.

On the other hand, if it is determined in decision 603 that thecurrently received command is indeed lifetime-reducing, an estimatedlifetime is computed by a lifetime estimator module (e.g. lifetimeestimator module 514, etc.) based on the command received in operation602, a previous lifetime, and a current time (e.g. via time module 517,etc.). See operation 604. In one embodiment, the previous lifetime mayrepresent a previous state of the lifetime estimator module. In anotherembodiment, the previous lifetime may be obtained by measuring one ormore properties of at least one storage device.

In any case, the lifetime estimated by such lifetime estimator module isthen provided to a throttling module (e.g. throttling module 516, etc.).In decision 605, the throttling module determines that throttling isnecessary if the estimated lifetime received from the lifetime estimatoris shorter than the required lifetime sent to the throttling module. Ifthrottling is necessary, the method 600 proceeds in operation 606 bydelaying (e.g. throttling, etc.) the lifetime-reducing command. However,if the estimated lifetime is not shorter than the required lifetime, themethod 600 proceeds in operation 607, as set forth above.

Specifically, in operation 606, the throttling module may throttleexecution of the lifetime-reducing commands using the controller. In oneembodiment, such throttling may be implemented by delaying execution ofthe lifetime-reducing command using the controller, until the lifetimeestimated by the lifetime estimator is longer or the same as therequired lifetime.

In another embodiment, the throttling may be determined in predeterminedperiods of time and applied to commands in a subsequent predeterminedtime period. In such embodiment, a limit may be applied as to how muchlifetime may be shortened within a predetermined time interval. In yetanother embodiment, a limit as to how much a lifetime may be shortenedwithin a time interval may be determined in one or more previous timeintervals. In yet another embodiment, the throttling may be determinedbased on an analysis of a plurality of pending operations, allowingnon-lifetime-reducing operations to be performed ahead oflifetime-reducing operations or operations that depend on suchlifetime-reducing operations.

By this design, a data storage system may be provided that controlslifetime-reducing operations to guarantee a required minimal lifetime.The impact of lifetime-reducing operations on such minimal requiredlifetime may thus be estimated, and a frequency of the lifetime-reducingoperations may be adaptively constrained.

FIG. 7 shows a graphical user interface 700 for gauging a lifetime ofmemory, in accordance with another embodiment. As an option, the presentgraphical user interface 700 may be implemented in the context of thefunctionality and architecture of FIGS. 1-6. Of course, however, thegraphical user interface 700 may be used in any desired environment.Again, it should also be noted that the aforementioned definitions mayapply during the present description.

As shown, various indicia may be displayed reflecting at least oneaspect associated with a lifetime of memory. In one embodiment, suchaspect may be that identified in operation 102 of FIG. 1C. Of course,however, this lifetime-related aspect may include any desired aspectthat is at least partially related to the lifetime of the memory. Forinstance, in the context of the system 500 of FIG. 5, the aspect may beretrieved by the controller 511 from any of the modules shown for beingprocessed and/or simply passed to the computer 501 which may, in turn,display associated indicia under the control of a software applicationprogram (e.g. plug-in, etc.).

For example, the aforementioned indicia may, in one embodiment, includea gauge 702 for indicating an amount of lifetime remaining for one ormore memories. In such embodiment, the gauge 702 may indicate an amountof total memory lifetime remaining as a function of the number oflifetime-reducing operations that have been performed over time. In yetanother embodiment, the aforementioned indicia may include a estimation705 for indicating a lifetime based on extrapolation of prior usage andassuming suspension of throttling operations.

In another embodiment, the aforementioned indicia may include a warning704 for indicating that a minimum amount of lifetime remains for one ormore memories. Such lifetime may be estimated, for example, based onhistorical memory usage data. By this design, a user may be warned of asituation where memory should be replaced within a predetermined amountof time, etc. Of course, other embodiments are contemplated where anydesired indicia is used to report various information in associationwith a lifetime of memory.

FIG. 8 shows a method 800 for reducing write operations in memory,utilizing difference information, in accordance with another embodiment.As an option, the present method 800 may or may not be carried out inconjunction with the functionality and architecture of FIGS. 1-7. Ofcourse, however, the method 800 may be carried out in any desiredenvironment. It should also be noted that the aforementioned definitionsmay apply during the present description.

As shown, write operations to be performed on data stored in memory areidentified. See operation 802. In the context of the presentdescription, such write operations may include any operations thatresult in the data stored in the memory being modified. Further, suchwrite operations may be identified in any desired manner by interceptingwrite commands associated such operations, the write operationsthemselves, etc.

As indicated in operation 804, a difference is then determined betweenresults of the write operations and the data stored in the memory. Inthe context of the present description, the aforementioned differencemay reflect, at least in part, any difference between a first state ofthe data stored in the memory, and a second state that would result fromthe foregoing write operations.

In another embodiment, a difference may be determined between any datastored in the memory. For example, a new modified version of a file maybe created and written to a new location in the memory, such that adifference in data from different locations in the memory may bedetermined. As an option, the location of the data may be identifiedbased on a hash, bloom filters, etc. To this end, in one exemplaryembodiment where different instances of the same data are written todifferent locations in the memory, the determined difference may includethe location of the data, and not necessarily the data itself.

In one embodiment, difference information associated with the differencemay be stored in the memory (e.g. the same memory in which the data isstored, etc.). In another embodiment, the difference information mayalso be stored in a separate buffer, in a manner that will be elaboratedupon later during the description of a different embodiment. It shouldbe noted that the difference information may include any informationthat describes, at least in part, the difference determined in operation804. As will soon become apparent during the discussion of a laterdescribed embodiment, the difference information may, in one embodiment,be stored utilizing an instruction set. As also described below, suchinstruction set may adaptively change and/or dynamically expand, invarious embodiments.

To this end, the write operations may be reduced, utilizing thedifference information. See operation 806. By this design, suchreduction in write operations may optionally result in a prolongedlifetime of the memory.

More illustrative information will now be set forth regarding variousoptional architectures and features with which the foregoing frameworkmay or may not be implemented, per the desires of the user. For example,one exemplary system will be set forth for implementing one illustrativeway of reducing the write operations based on the differenceinformation. It should be strongly noted that the following informationis set forth for illustrative purposes and should not be construed aslimiting in any manner. Any of the following features may be optionallyincorporated with or without the exclusion of other features described.

FIG. 9 illustrates a system 900 for reducing write operations in memory,in accordance with another embodiment. As an option, the present system900 may be implemented to carry out the method 800 of FIG. 8 and/orfurther optionally incorporate any of the methods or techniques of FIGS.1-7. Of course, however, the system 900 may be used in any desiredmanner. Yet again, the aforementioned definitions may apply during thepresent description.

As shown, the system 900 includes a computer 901 coupled to a storagedevice 930 via an input/output (I/O) bus 902, in a manner that will soonbe set forth. The I/O bus 902 includes a read path 903 and a write path904. The storage device 930 includes a plurality of storage blocks 931,932, 933. The storage blocks 931, 932, 933 are written and read by thecomputer 901.

For reasons that will soon become apparent, a predetermined portion 934of each of the storage blocks 931, 932, 933 may be allocated to storedifference information that reflects any changes made to data stored inthe remaining portion 935 of the corresponding storage block 931, 932,933 by the computer 901. In various embodiments, a size of thepredetermined portion 934 may be user configured. Further, thedifference information stored therein may take any form.

Table 1 illustrates one possible format for representing an instance ofdifference information (a plurality of which may be stored in eachpredetermined portion 934 of the storage blocks 931, 932, 933).

TABLE 1 Operation Source Starting Code Address Size Data END N/A N/A N/AReplace <address> <byte length> <replacement data> Move Up <address><byte length> <address from where data is to be moved> Move <address><byte length> <address from where Down data is to be moved> Insert<address> <byte length> <data to be inserted> Delete <address> <bytelength> N/A

In the present embodiment, the operation code may represent an operationto be performed on the data stored in the remaining portion 935 of thecorresponding storage block 931, 932, 933. Examples of such operationsmay include, but are not limited to end, replace, move up, move down,delete, insert, and/or any other operation, for that matter. As anoption, such operations may each have an associated code for compactrepresentation, (e.g. replace=‘001’, move up=‘010’, etc.).

Further, the source starting address and size may point to and indicatethe size (respectively) of the data stored in the remaining portion 935of the corresponding storage block 931, 932, 933 which is to be thesubject of the operation. Even still, in a situation where the operationmandates a replacement/modification of data, etc., data itself may bestored as a component of the difference information. As yet anotheroption, a compression algorithm may be applied to the differenceinformation for more efficient storage. As another option, in asituation where the operation mandates a move of the data, a sourcelocation of the data may be designated, and not necessarily the dataitself since such data is contained in an original storage block.

In another embodiment, new operations may be adaptively created. Forexample, repeating sequences of a first operation may be replaced by anew second operation. Such new second operation may optionally describea sequence of the first operation. In this way, new operations may beadaptively created such that the system 900 may optimally adapt itselfto new applications.

Of course, the data structure of Table 1 is set forth for illustrativepurposes only and should not be construed as limiting in any mannerwhatsoever. For example, an instance of difference information maysimply include the data to be replaced (without any complex commands,etc.).

Further provided is an apparatus 910 for reducing write operations inmemory. Such apparatus 910 includes a coalescing memory 920 including aplurality of coalescing buffers 921, 922, 923. In one embodiment, a sizeof each of the coalescing buffers 921, 922, 923 may be of apredetermined size (e.g. 4 Kb, etc.) that may correlate with a minimumblock portion that may be written to each of the storage blocks 931,932, 933 in a single operation. Further, in various embodiments, thecoalescing buffers 921 may include on-chip storage, external memory,DRAM, SRAM, etc.

As will soon become apparent, the coalescing memory buffers 921, 922,923 each hold an instance of difference information (e.g. see Table 1,for example) for the corresponding storage blocks 931, 932, and 933. Inother words, a first one of the coalescing memory buffers 921 holds aninstance of difference information for a first one of the storage blocks931, a second one of the coalescing memory buffers 922 holds an instanceof difference information for a second one of the storage blocks 932, athird one of the coalescing memory buffers 923 holds an instance ofdifference information for a third one of the storage blocks 933, and soon.

The apparatus 910 further includes an update module 912 coupled to thecoalescing memory 920 via a bus 914 for writing the differenceinformation stored in the coalescing memory buffers 921, 922, 923 to thecorresponding storage blocks 931, 932, and 933. In one embodiment, suchwrite may be initiated upon one of the coalescing memory buffers 921,922, 923 being filled with at least one instance of differenceinformation (and thus constituting a minimum write size to theappropriate one of the storage blocks 931, 932, and 933). To accomplishthis write, the update module 912 is coupled to the storage device 930via a bus 915. As further shown, an output of the update module 912 iscoupled to the I/O bus 902 via the read path 903.

Even still, a difference computation module 911 is coupled to the updatemodule 912 via the read path bus 903, coupled to the I/O bus 902 via thewrite path bus 904, and further coupled to the coalescing memory 920 viaa bus 913. In use, the difference computation module 911 is capable ofreading data from the storage device 930 and further reconstructing acurrent state of such data using the difference information from theassociated storage block 931, 932, and 933; and/or coalescing memorybuffers 921, 922, 923.

The difference computation module 911 is further capable of writing datato the storage device 930 by first reconstructing a current state ofsuch data (similar to the read operation above), identifying adifference between such current state and a state that would resultafter a write operation (initiated by the computer 901), and populatingthe coalescing memory buffers 921, 922, 923 with one or more instancesof difference information to be used to update the associated storageblock 931, 932, and 933, as appropriate. More information regarding suchread and write operations will now be set forth during the descriptionof FIGS. 10 and 11.

In various embodiments, the difference computation module 911 may employany desired technique for identifying the aforementioned difference(s).For example, various string matching algorithms, data motion estimationtechniques, etc. may be utilized, for example. In still additionalembodiments, the differences may be determined on a byte-by-byte basis.

Further, computation of the difference may involve any one or more ofthe following: finding what byte strings are inserted, finding what bytestrings are deleted, finding what byte strings are replaced, findingwhat byte strings are copied, determining if byte strings are updated byadding values, finding copies of storage blocks and creating referencesto them, finding block splits, finding block merges, etc.

FIG. 10 illustrates a method 1000 for reading memory using differenceinformation, in accordance with one embodiment. As an option, thepresent method 1000 may be carried out using the system 900 of FIG. 9and/or further optionally incorporate any of the techniques of FIGS.1-8, as desired. Of course, however, the method 1000 may be used in anydesired manner. Still yet, the aforementioned definitions may applyduring the present description.

As shown, the method 1000 may begin in operation 1001 by reading blocks(e.g. blocks 931, 932, 933 of FIG. 9, etc.) from storage (e.g. storagedevice 930, etc.), as requested by a computer (e.g. computer 901, etc.).The read storage blocks data are then sent to an update module (e.g.update module 912, etc.). Next, in response to the read operation,difference information is read from coalescing buffers (e.g. coalescingbuffers 921, 922, 923, etc.) corresponding to the storage blocks(associated with the computer request), and/or from the storage blocksthemselves. See operation 1002. The appropriate source of the differenceinformation may depend on whether the required information has beenwritten from the coalescing buffers to the corresponding storage blocksat the time of the read request. As an option, the differenceinformation may be interspersed between data in flash. In addition,differences relating to particular data may be grouped into one or moregroups.

Next, in operation 1003, the update module applies the differencesreflected in the difference information from operation 1002 oncorresponding blocks read in operation 1001. To this end, the datareconstructed in operation 1003 may be sent to the computer via a readpath (e.g. read path 903, etc.). See operation 1004.

In various embodiments, the foregoing data read operation may involvemapping from a logical storage block number to a physical storage blocknumber. Still yet, the method 1000 may further provide error detectionand error correction in conjunction with the read. Such error detectionand correction of read data may further include a re-read operation inan attempt to recover data, and relocate the recovered data to anotherstorage location. For example, such relocation of recovered data mayinvolve logical storage block translation and/or be based on error rateinformation of candidate storage blocks.

FIG. 11 illustrates a method 1100 for writing memory using differenceinformation, in accordance with one embodiment. As an option, thepresent method 1100 may be carried out using the system 900 of FIG. 9and/or further optionally incorporate any of the techniques of FIGS.1-8, 10, as desired. Of course, however, the method 1100 may be used inany desired manner. Still yet, the aforementioned definitions may applyduring the present description.

Similar to the read method 1000 of FIG. 10, the method 1100 may begin inoperation 1101 by reading blocks (e.g. blocks 931, 932, 933 of FIG. 9,etc.) from storage (e.g. storage device 930, etc.), which are subject toa write request by a computer (e.g. computer 901, etc.). The readstorage blocks data are then sent to an update module (e.g. updatemodule 912, etc.). Next, in operation 1102, difference information isread from the coalescing buffers (e.g. coalescing buffers 921, 922, 923,etc.) corresponding to the storage blocks (associated with the computerrequest), and/or from the storage blocks themselves. Next, in operation1103, the update module applies the differences reflected in thedifference information from operation 1102 on corresponding blocks readin operation 1101, to reconstruct the data to be read or written.

To this end, the data reconstructed in operation 1103 may be sent to adifference computation module (e.g. difference computation module 911,etc.) and compared with a state of the data that would result fromexecution of the write operation requested by the computer. Seeoperation 1104. To this end, a difference between the reconstructed dataand the state of the data that would result from execution of the writeoperation is identified. In one embodiment, such difference may becaused by an application (running on the computer) for updating thedata. Such updates may include, but are not limited to replacing astring of bytes, inserting a string of bytes, deleting a string ofbytes, copying a string of bytes, etc.

In operation 1105, difference information associated with thedifferences computed in operation 1104 may be appended to theappropriate coalescing buffers corresponding to blocks for which thereis at least one difference computed in operation 1104. Such appendingmay be accomplished writing to the end of the coalesce buffers in thecoalescing memory. In one embodiment, such appending may further includedecompressing a coalesce buffer, appending the data, and recompressingthe appropriate coalesce buffer. As an option, coalescing buffer memorymay be reallocated to the coalescing buffers on demand.

In an optional embodiment, the difference information may be stored asoperations describing functions (e.g. writes, etc.) performed on thedata. For example, the difference information may reflect changesresultant from operations performed in a B-Tree and may thus representdifferences with respect to such operations. Such B-Trees may optionallybe utilized by databases, mail-servers, file systems, etc.

Next, in decision 1106, the coalesce buffers are tested to determinewhether they are full. If no coalesce buffer is full, the method 1100proceeds to operation 1110. If, on the other hand, at least one coalescebuffer is full, the method 1100 proceeds to operation 1107. In operation1107, any full coalesce buffers are appended to the differenceinformation. In addition, such full coalesce buffers are emptied (forreuse, etc.), as shown in operation 1112.

It is further determined whether the difference information is full(operation 1114). The method 1100 proceeds to operation 1110 if it isdetermined that difference information is not full. However, in responseto a determination that the difference information is full, changes fromthe difference information are applied on the data. Note operation 1116.Moreover, the block of data with the applied changes is written and olddata is discarded, as shown in operation 1118. Still yet, as shown inoperation 1120, the difference information is emptied. To this end, adata storage system may be provided which uses differences betweenwritten and existing data to reduce writes and to distribute writesacross memory blocks to improve reliability of block based storage.

In various embodiments, the memory mentioned in the foregoingembodiments may include a mechanical storage device (e.g. a disk driveincluding a SATA disk drive, a SAS disk drive, a fiber channel diskdrive, IDE disk drive, ATA disk drive, CE disk drive, USB disk drive,smart card disk drive, MMC disk drive, etc.) and/or a non-mechanicalstorage device (e.g. semiconductor-based, etc.). Such non-mechanicalmemory may, for example, include volatile or non-volatile memory. Invarious embodiments, the nonvolatile memory device may include flashmemory (e.g. single-bit per cell NOR flash memory, multi-bit per cellNOR flash memory, single-bit per cell NAND flash memory, multi-bit percell NAND flash memory, multi-level-multi-bit per cell NAND flash, largeblock flash memory, etc.). While various examples of memory are setforth herein, it should be noted that the various principles may beapplied to any type of memory a lifetime for which may be reduced due tovarious operations being performed thereon.

FIG. 12 illustrates an exemplary system 1200 in which the variousarchitecture and/or functionality of the various previous embodimentsmay be implemented. For example, the exemplary system 1200 may representthe computer set forth in some of the previous embodiments. Still yet,the various apparatuses set forth above may even be a component of thesystem 1200.

As shown, a system 1200 is provided including at least one hostprocessor 1201 which is connected to a communication bus 1202. Thesystem 1200 also includes a main memory 1204. Control logic (software)and data are stored in the main memory 1204 which may take the form ofrandom access memory (RAM).

The system 1200 also includes a graphics processor 1206 and a display1208, i.e. a computer monitor. The system 1200 may also include asecondary storage 1210. The secondary storage 1210 includes, forexample, a hard disk drive and/or a removable storage drive,representing a floppy disk drive, a magnetic tape drive, a compact diskdrive, etc. The removable storage drive reads from and/or writes to aremovable storage module in a well known manner.

Computer programs, or computer control logic algorithms, may be storedin the main memory 1204 and/or the secondary storage 1210. Such computerprograms, when executed, enable the system 1200 to perform variousfunctions. Memory 1204, storage 1210 and/or any other storage arepossible examples of computer-readable media.

In one embodiment, the architecture and/or functionality of the variousprevious figures may be implemented in the context of the host processor1201, graphics processor 1206, secondary storage 1210, an integratedcircuit (not shown) that is capable of at least a portion of thecapabilities of both the host processor 1201 and the graphics processor1206, a chipset (i.e. a group of integrated circuits designed to workand be sold as a module for performing related functions, etc.), and/orany other integrated circuit for that matter.

Still yet, the architecture and/or functionality of the various previousfigures may be implemented in the context of a general computer system,a circuit board system, a game console system dedicated forentertainment purposes, an application-specific system, and/or any otherdesired system. For example, the system 1200 may take the form of adesktop computer, lap-top computer, and/or any other type of logic.Still yet, the system 1200 may take the form of various other devicesincluding, but not limited to a personal digital assistant (PDA) device,a mobile phone device, a television, etc.

Further, while not shown, the system 1200 may be coupled to a network[e.g. a telecommunications network, local area network (LAN), wirelessnetwork, wide area network (WAN) such as the Internet, peer-to-peernetwork, cable network, etc.] for communication purposes.

Further, while not shown, the system 1200 may be coupled to a network[e.g. a telecommunications network, local area network (LAN), wirelessnetwork, wide area network (WAN) such as the Internet, peer-to-peernetwork, cable network, etc.] for communication purposes.

While various embodiments have been described above, it should beunderstood that they have been presented by way of example only, and notlimitation. Thus, the breadth and scope of a preferred embodiment shouldnot be limited by any of the above-described exemplary embodiments, butshould be defined only in accordance with the following claims and theirequivalents.

1. A method, comprising: increasing spare space in memory; and extendinga lifetime of the memory, as a result of increasing the spare space inthe memory.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the spare space isincreased by compressing data stored in the memory.
 3. The method ofclaim 2, wherein the compression is loss-less compression.
 4. The methodof claim 2, wherein the compression is lossy compression.
 5. The methodof claim 1, wherein increasing the spare space includes increasing anumber of spare blocks of the memory.
 6. The method of claim 5, furthercomprising equalizing an end of life of the blocks of the memory.
 7. Themethod of claim 1, wherein the spare space is increased by removingduplicate data stored in the memory.
 8. The method of claim 1, andfurther comprising guaranteeing a lifetime of the memory.
 9. The methodof claim 1, wherein the memory includes a mechanical storage device. 10.The method of claim 9, wherein the memory includes a disk drive.
 11. Themethod of claim 1, wherein the memory includes a volatile memory device.12. The method of claim 1, wherein the memory includes a nonvolatilememory device.
 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the nonvolatilememory device includes at least one of a single-bit per cell NOR flashmemory, a multi-bit per cell NOR flash memory, a single-bit per cellNAND flash memory, and a multi-bit per cell NAND flash memory.
 14. Acomputer program product embodied on a computer readable medium,comprising: computer code for increasing spare space in memory; andcomputer code for extending a lifetime of the memory, as a result ofincreasing the spare space in the memory.
 15. The computer programproduct of claim 14, wherein the spare space is increased by compressingdata stored in the memory.
 16. The computer program product of claim 15,wherein the compression is loss-less compression.
 17. The computerprogram product of claim 15, wherein the compression is lossycompression.
 18. The computer program product of claim 14, whereinincreasing the spare space includes increasing a number of spare blocksof the memory.
 19. The computer program product of claim 18, furthercomprising computer code for equalizing an end of life of the blocks ofthe memory.
 20. The computer program product of claim 14, wherein thespare space is increased by removing duplicate data stored in thememory.
 21. The computer program product of claim 14, and furthercomprising computer code for guaranteeing a lifetime of the memory. 22.The computer program product of claim 14, wherein the memory includes amechanical storage device.
 23. The computer program product of claim 14,wherein the memory device includes at least one of a single-bit per cellNOR flash memory, a multi-bit per cell NOR flash memory, a single-bitper cell NAND flash memory, and a multi-bit per cell NAND flash memory.24. An apparatus, comprising: logic for increasing spare space in memoryto extend a lifetime of the memory.
 25. The apparatus of claim 24,wherein the logic is coupled between a system and the memory.